Publications and media
Gaps in Human Capital and Labor Demand in Oaxaca
This report examines the structural barriers that constrain the development of talent in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. It proposes concrete strategies to translate the region's cultural, productive, an...
Evaluation of the Rural Development Project Phase II, Palestinian Territories (CPS1198)
The project aims to promote inclusive development and strengthen Palestinian sovereignty, local governance, and sustainable development of 19 communities in Area C, over a 42-month period from 2021 to...
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Inequality Matters: Can the GNU solve inequality in South Africa?
South Africa remains the most unequal society in the world, with persistent disparities rooted in the legacies of colonialism and apartheid. Despite three decades of democracy and redistributive polic...
Comparative analysis of biodiversity measurement approaches for public development banks
Biodiversity loss is a major global challenge, pushing public development banks (PDBs) to align with frameworks such as the GBF, TNFD, and CSRD. To support this, AFD and EBRD assessed six biodiversity...
Infographic - Digital Technology- AFD Group's activity 2021-2023
In 2023, AFD Group focused its digital technology actions on internet access and digital services, innovation, entrepreneurship and the development of digital skills, as well as on highlighting digita...
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Analysis of the Social Impacts and Vulnerabilities Linked to the Just Dimension of an Energy Transition in Mex...
Mexico’s just energy transition (JET) requires addressing both decarbonization and deep social inequalities. This study analyzes four high-impact measures: the retirement of fossil-fuel plants, the ex...
Just Energy Transition, Structural Inequities, and Social Mobility: The Case of Mexico
Mexico’s energy transition unfolds in a context of deep structural inequalities and persistently low social mobility. While most households have electricity, large disparities remain in affordability,...
Redesigning Electricity Subsidies for Distributed Generation in Mexico: A Fair Transition Model Applied to Nue...
Mexico is faced with a dual energy challenge: to move forward in a transition towards clean sources while meeting the immediate nearshoring demands, calling for a reliable electricity infrastructure....
Institutional Implementation of In-Kind Subsidies for Distributed Generation: Multi-Level Governance and Poli...
This article develops an institutional implementation model for a public policy aimed at replacing traditional residential electricity subsidies with in-kind schemes through the delivery of solar phot...
Digital technology: activity report 2021-2023
While the digital transition is now an essential pillar of global economic and social development, the growth and rapid emergence of new uses and technologies can also be a catalyst for inequalities a...
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Ameliorating the Consequences of Coal Job Destruction - A Just Transition Policy Matrix Approach
Ensuring a just energy transition in South Africa requires supporting workers to absorb the negative shocks of structural change. Central to this is the design of a comprehensive social protection pac...
Reducing Inequalities: Insights from the EU-AFD Research Facility
In this summary, find more information about the lessons learned, tools, and partnerships developed within the framework of the EU-AFD Facility for Research on Inequalities between 2020 and 2025.
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Beyond Redistribution: Market Power, Firm Structure, and the South African Labour Market
This paper examines how firm structure and market power shape inequality in South Africa. Moving beyond a narrow focus on fiscal redistribution, it introduces a pre-distribution lens that highlights t...
Data Analytics for a Just Transition. Distributional Impacts of Environmental Policies (Indonesia)
Indonesia’s commitment to the Paris Agreement has placed carbon pricing through taxes and emissions trading at the center of its climate policy. These instruments are designed to reduce greenhouse gas...
Skills ecosystem mapping of MSMEs located within the Nkangala District Municipality
This paper examines the skills ecosystem for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Nkangala District Municipality (NDM), Mpumalanga—a coal-dependent region central to South Africa’s Just Ener...
The Impact of the Green Transition on Jobs in South Africa
One of the key issues in policy discussions over addressing climate concerns the ways in which countries need to and can balance the combating of climate change with job creation and economic developm...
What's next for investment in the African cultural and creative industries?
As support for African Cultural and Creative Industries (CCIs) gathers momentum, now is a fitting time to take stock of where we are today and to think ahead to the opportunities and challenges before...
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Infographic - Urban Development and Support for Local Authorities in 2023
AFD provides cities with support for taking up the challenges of urban growth, social and territorial inequalities, and vulnerability of urban areas. AFD committed a total of nearly €3 billion in f...
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Governance – Activity report 2024
AFD Group’s portfolio of governance-related operations touches on a wide variety of themes that encompass the full spectrum of the social contract. The scope of governance covers activities to strengt...
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Infographic - Our Governance Activity in 2024
In 2024, AFD committed €522 million in grants and loans for governance-related issues, for a cumulative volume of €8.2 billion since 2016. Rising numbers of crises and conflicts, the effects of cli...
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