Publications and media
Comparative analysis of biodiversity measurement approaches for public development banks
Biodiversity loss is a major global challenge, pushing public development banks (PDBs) to align with frameworks such as the GBF, TNFD, and CSRD. To support this, AFD and EBRD assessed six biodiversity...
Infographic - Digital Technology-2024 AFD Group's activity
in 2024, AFD Group took strong action to promote digital infrastructure, services and an economy that work for everyone, while respecting individual freedoms and national sovereignty. With a unified a...
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Just Energy Transition, Structural Inequities, and Social Mobility: The Case of Mexico
Mexico’s energy transition unfolds in a context of deep structural inequalities and persistently low social mobility. While most households have electricity, large disparities remain in affordability,...
Institutional Implementation of In-Kind Subsidies for Distributed Generation: Multi-Level Governance and Poli...
This article develops an institutional implementation model for a public policy aimed at replacing traditional residential electricity subsidies with in-kind schemes through the delivery of solar phot...
Redesigning Electricity Subsidies for Distributed Generation in Mexico: A Fair Transition Model Applied to Nue...
Mexico is faced with a dual energy challenge: to move forward in a transition towards clean sources while meeting the immediate nearshoring demands, calling for a reliable electricity infrastructure....
Analysis of the Social Impacts and Vulnerabilities Linked to the Just Dimension of an Energy Transition in Mex...
Mexico’s just energy transition (JET) requires addressing both decarbonization and deep social inequalities. This study analyzes four high-impact measures: the retirement of fossil-fuel plants, the ex...
Digital technology: 2024 Activity report
In 2024, digital technology was a driving force in major economic, social, environmental, and democratic transitions. It provides powerful responses to the climate crisis, rising inequality, the trans...
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Ameliorating the Consequences of Coal Job Destruction - A Just Transition Policy Matrix Approach
Ensuring a just energy transition in South Africa requires supporting workers to absorb the negative shocks of structural change. Central to this is the design of a comprehensive social protection pac...
The sustainable valuation of the Congo Basin forests: A real possibility?
Spanning some 268 million hectares across Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic, and Equatorial Guinea, the forests of the Co...
Reducing Inequalities: Insights from the EU-AFD Research Facility
In this summary, find more information about the lessons learned, tools, and partnerships developed within the framework of the EU-AFD Facility for Research on Inequalities between 2020 and 2025.
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Beyond Redistribution: Market Power, Firm Structure, and the South African Labour Market
This paper examines how firm structure and market power shape inequality in South Africa. Moving beyond a narrow focus on fiscal redistribution, it introduces a pre-distribution lens that highlights t...
Ex-post evaluation of the project Extension of the drinking water supply system in Nairobi (CKE1074)
The project, financed by AFD and implemented by Athi Water Works Development Agency (AWWDA), is part of a wider project to improve Nairobi's drinking water supply, in line with the city's drinking wat...
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Data Analytics for a Just Transition. Distributional Impacts of Environmental Policies (Indonesia)
Indonesia’s commitment to the Paris Agreement has placed carbon pricing through taxes and emissions trading at the center of its climate policy. These instruments are designed to reduce greenhouse gas...
Corporate Social Responsibility and Activity Report 2025
At the Presidential Council for International Partnerships (CPPI) convened on April 4, 2025, development policy was reaffirmed as a cornerstone of France’s international engagement, alongside diplomac...
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Peace & Resilience Instrument Minka - 2024 Activity report
The worldwide proliferation of crises and the return of war on Europe’s doorstep threaten peace and security for all. France has set out crisis prevention and management as a priority in its Internati...
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Skills ecosystem mapping of MSMEs located within the Nkangala District Municipality
This paper examines the skills ecosystem for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Nkangala District Municipality (NDM), Mpumalanga—a coal-dependent region central to South Africa’s Just Ener...
The Impact of the Green Transition on Jobs in South Africa
One of the key issues in policy discussions over addressing climate concerns the ways in which countries need to and can balance the combating of climate change with job creation and economic developm...
What's next for investment in the African cultural and creative industries?
As support for African Cultural and Creative Industries (CCIs) gathers momentum, now is a fitting time to take stock of where we are today and to think ahead to the opportunities and challenges before...
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Urban Development & Support for Local Authorities - 2024 Activity report
In 2030, 60% of the world’s population will live in cities. The consequences of this rapid urbanization are social (growth of precarious settlements, increased risks of social fragmentation and povert...
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Infographic - Urban Development and Support for Local Authorities in 2024
AFD helps cities cope with this urban growth and its impacts by supporting their low-carbon transitions and adaptation to climate change. In 2024, AFD Group committed a total of nearly €3 billion t...
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